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राष्ट्रीय पशु जैव प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान
National Institute of Animal Biotechnology
An Autonomous Institute of the Department of Biotechnology,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India
राष्ट्रीय पशु जैव प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान
National Institute of Animal Biotechnology
An Autonomous Institute of the Department of Biotechnology,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India
Dr. Nagendra R. Hegde is an animal virologist and immunologist with experience in veterinary and human virology, immunology, cell biology and microbiology.
Dr.Hegde completed Bachelor of Veterinary Science (B.V.Sc.; 1989) and Master of Veterinary Science (M.V.Sc. in Veterinary Microbiology and Public Health, focussing on Virology; 1992) from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India, and Ph.D. (Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, specializing in Immunology; 1998) from the University of Nebraska, U.S.A. He then worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow (Aug 1998 to Mar 2004) and as a Research Assistant Professor (Apr 2004 to May 2006) in Virology, Cell Biology, and Host-Pathogen Interaction at Oregon Health & Science University, U.S.A. Before joining NIAB, he was a Group Leader (Aug 2006 to Mar 2014) and then the Associate Director (Apr 2014 to Mar 2017) at Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Hegde’s major contributions have been in virology, where he has worked on epidemiology, genomics, vaccines, and diagnostics, as well as the interaction of host cells with animal (and human) DNA and RNA viruses. In immunology, he has worked on bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). In microbiology, he has worked on epidemiology and vaccines for pathogens that cause bovine mastitis. His research interests at NIAB include understanding the epidemiology, genomics, and biology of important livestock diseases, devising measures to protect animals from these diseases, and elucidating the fundamentals of cellular and immunological responses in bovines. He has recently focused on areas of importance to One Health, including antimicrobial resistance and zoonoses.
Thematic area
Our group works in the broad area of microbial pathobiology, including the genomic characterization of microbes, host-microbe interactions, microbial virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms, methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, as well as the consequences of livestock and poultry production practices and the animal-human interface on public health. A brief description of the specific areas of research is outlined below:
1. Bovine and bubaline mastitis-associated bacterial pathogens and potential interventions
Mastitis is a significant disease affecting lactating animals. Six major species of bacteria, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Strep. dysgalactiae, Strep. uberis and Klebsialla pneunoniae, are commonly associated with bovine and bubaline, although preponderance varies between hosts, geographical regions and husbandry practices. Understanding the diversity of the organisms can help devise more effective control and intervention strategies for mastitis while also contributing to a repository of characterized strains. Antibiotics are often used to treat mastitis, but without a clear rationale. In the face of increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), alternatives are needed for mitigating the disease and AMR.
Led by our group, and in collaboration with the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal, and Fisheries Sciences University and Madurai Kamaraj University, we have analysed more than 200 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from cases of bovine and bubaline mastitis. Profiling techniques have involved staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing, multi-locus sequence typing and pulsed-field electropherotyping, as well as investigations into virulence determinants such as methicillin resistance and a limited set of toxins (hemolysins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin). Our studies revealed the existence of more than 30 distinct genetic types that cluster into two major clonal complexes, suggesting diversity among closely related lineages of mastitis-associated S. aureus strains. We have carried out complete genome sequencing of some isolates and reported the data.
We have begun exploring ways to mitigate mastitis and other infections caused by bacteria, particularly S. aureus. Our focus is on manipulating the bacteria for potential use as vaccines and on the identification and characterization of bacteriophages. We have recently isolated phages against S. aureus and reported the complete genome sequence and analysis of one of the phages. This phage belonged to the family Herelleviridae and formed a new species. This and other phages are being characterized further for strain tropism, and various growth and physicochemical parameters.
2. Biology of bluetongue virus
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically significant disease of ruminants affecting mainly sheep. It is caused by BT virus (BTV), which is transmitted by midges belonging to Culicoides genus. Recently, the disease has spread to previously free countries as a consequence of drivers including global warming and trade, and facilitated by local competent Culicoides species. The virus exists as more than 35 serotypes. It causes clinical signs mainly in sheep, while cattle show minor or no clinical signs; however, BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8), which emerged in 2006 in northern Europe, has caused disease in cattle.
The BTV genome consists of 10 linear double-stranded RNA segments. Serotypes of BTV are based on the specificity of neutralising antibody interactions with the outer-capsid protein VP2 (encoded by genome segment 2), whose amino acid sequence varies by up to 73% between serotypes. The segmented nature of the viral genome, the non-proofreading viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and transmission cycles between mammalian and insect hosts have led to the generation of reassortants and multiple serotypes and genotypes of BTV.
The vectored serotypes of BTV (serotypes 1 to 24) can infect both mammalian and insect cells and show differential phenotypes in terms of cytopathogenicity (absent in insect cells) and virus release (budding in insect cells and lysis in mammalian cells). These serotypes are poorly transmitted by direct contact from infected to non-infected animals. The atypical BTV serotypes (serotypes 25 to 36) fail to replicate in Culicoides cells, and are transmitted by direct contact between animals. We are trying to understand the requirement of host cell factors that may contribute to the differential replication of BTV in mammalian and insect cells.
Original articles in PubMed-indexed Journals
2021 – present
1. S Parida, NR Hegde*. 2025. Complete genome sequence and analysis of NHSP6, a broad-spectrum bacteriophage against Staphylococcus aureus isolates of bovine and human origin. PHAGE. In press.
2. P Jasmeen, P Gupta, C Kaur, S Gauthami, S Pyasi, D Nayak, NR Hegde*. 2024. Rescue of bovine ephemeral fever virus through reverse genetics, but inability to propagate. VirusDisease. In press.
3. AK Santosh, D Kumar, C Kaur, P Gupta, P Jasmeen, L Dilip, G Kavitha, S Basagoudanavar, M Hosamani, V Balamurugan, R Sharada, D Rathnamma, KM Sunil, NR Hegde, S Isloor*. 2024. Evaluation of the immune status of dogs vaccinated against rabies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using crude preparations of insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein gene. PLoS ONE 19(12):e0314516.
4. V Ramesh, R Sivakumar, M Annamanedi, S Chandrapriya, S Isloor, J Rajendhran,* NR Hegde*. 2024. Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of bovine mastitis-associated non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) strains from India. Sci Rep 14(1):29019.
5. C Kaur, KP Asrith, SG Ramachandra, NR Hegde*. 2024. Immunoinformatics-guided recombinant polypeptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for seromonitoring of laboratory animals for minute virus of mice and Kilham rat virus. PLoS ONE 19(2):e0298742.
6. VCP Rao, S Ramakrishnaiah*, S Isloor, R Doddamane, D Lakshman, MSSR Maralavadi, A Bhat, S Tiwari, K Natesan, G Kondabattula, NR Hegde. 2023. Assessment of immune responses to rabies vaccination in free-ranging dogs in Bengaluru, India. Vaccines 11:888.
7. K Putty, PL Rao, VK Ganji, D Dutta, S Mondal, NR Hegde, A Srivastava, M Subbiah*. 2023. First complete genome sequence of lumpy skin disease virus directly from a clinical sample in South India. Virus Genes 59(2):317-322.
8. R Sivakumar, P Sree Pranav, M Annamanedi, S Chandrapriya, S Isloor, J Rajendhran J*, NR Hegde*. 2023. Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus strains from India. BMC Genomics 24(1):44.
9. SS Paul*, SV Rama Rao, NR Hegde, NJ Williams, RN Chatterjee, MVLN Raju, GN Reddy, V Suganthi, PSP Kumar, S Mallick, M Gargi. 2022. Effects of dietary antimicrobial growth promoters on performance parameters and abundance and diversity of broiler chicken gut microbiome and selection of antibiotic resistance genes. Front Microbiol 13:905050.
10. C Greru*, R Thompson, V Gowthaman, S Shanmugasundaram, N Ganesan, TR Gopala Murthy, M El-Tholth, J Cole, J Joshi, R Runjala, M Nath, NR Hegde, N Williams, A Prendiville. 2022. A visualization tool to understand disease prevention and control practices of stakeholders working along the poultry supply chain in southern India. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 9:169.
11. S Pyasi, NR Hegde, DN Nayak*. 2021. Complete genome sequencing and assessment of mutation-associated protein dynamics of the first Indian bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) isolate. Vet Q 41(1):308-319.
12. M Annamanedi, P Sheela, S Sundareshan, S Isloor, P Gupta, P Jasmeen, M Gargi, S Mallick, NR Hegde*. 2021. Molecular fingerprinting of bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from India. Sci Rep 11(1):15228.
13. P Sheela*, M Shekar, S Isloor, D Rathnamma, BM Veeregowda, ML Satyanarayana, S Sundareshan, BE Shambulingappa, NR Hegde. 2021. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Staphylococcus chromogenes recovered from bovine and bubaline mastitis in Karnataka and adjoining areas. Vet World 14(1):285-291.
2016 – 2020
14. GJ Archana, AY Sinha, M Annamanedi, KP Asrith, SB Kale, NV Kurkure, SP Doijad, K Nagamani, NR Hegde*. 2020. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, South India. Ind J Med Microbiol 38(2):183-191.
15. G Porter, J Joshi, L Bhullar, A Kotwani*; Smart Regulation of Antibiotic Use in India: Understanding, Innovating and Improving Compliance Project Group (N Hegde, AS Lamkang, V Bansal, R Bharti, L Kinbell, M Gautham, J Guitian, A-D Tudor). 2020. Using ‘smart regulation’ to tackle antimicrobial resistance in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Health 5(1):e001864.
16. M Jacquot*, PP Rao, S Yadav, K Nomikou, S Maan, YK Jyothi, N Reddy, K Putty, D Hemadri, KP Singh, NS Maan, NR Hegde, P Mertens, R Biek. 2019. Contrasting selective patterns across the segmented genome of bluetongue virus in a global reassortment hotspot. Virus Evolution 5(2):vez027.
17. D Kumar, S Gauthami, U Madala, K Nagalekshmi, PP Rao, A Basu, K Ella, NR Hegde*. 2018. Immunogenicity of a candidate Ebola hemorrhagic fever vaccine in mice based on controlled in vitro expression of Ebolavirus glycoprotein. Viral Immunol 31(7):1-13.
18. YV Reddy, B Susmitha, S Patil, Y Krishnajyothi, K Putty, KV Ramakrishna, Sunitha, Vimala, Kavitha, Deepthi, KSR Siva Sai, YN Reddy, GH Reddy, KP Singh, NS Maan, D Hemadri, S Maan, PP Mertens, NR Hegde, PP Rao*. 2018. Isolation and evolutionary analysis of Australasian topotype of bluetongue virus serotype 4 from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 65(2):547-556.
19. KN Prabhu, S Isloor*, BH Veeresh, D Rathnamma, R Sharada, LJ Das, ML Satyanarayana, NR Hegde, SA Rahman. 2018. Application and comparative evaluation of fluorescent antibody, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests for the detection of rabies virus antigen or nucleic acid in brain samples of animals suspected of rabies in India. Vet Sci 5(1):e24.
20. M Uma, SR Hegde, PP Rao, K Nagalekshmi, S Gauthami, D Kumar, NR Hegde*. 2018. A novel point mutation (L70P) inactivates poliovirus 3C protease. Acta Virol 62:68-77.
21. D Hemadri*, S Maan, MM Chanda, PP Rao, K Putty, Y Krishnajyothi, GH Reddy, V Kumar, K Batra, YV Reddy, NS Maan, YN Reddy, KP Singh, SB Shivachandra, NR Hegde, H Rahman, PPC Mertens. 2017. Dual infection with bluetongue virus serotypes and first time isolation of serotype 5 in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 64(6):1912-7.
22. S Gauthami, D Kumar, KSR Siva Sai, NR Hegde*. 2017. The use of BirA-BAP system to study the effect of human cytomegalovirus US2 and US11 on MHC class I heavy chain in cells. Immunol Lett 190:233-9.
23. J Gogoi-Tiwari, V Williams, CB Waryah, P Costantino, H Al-Salami, S Mathavan, K Wells, HK Tiwari, N Hegde, S Isloor, H Al-Sallami, T Mukkur*. 2017. Mammary gland pathology subsequent to acute infection with strong versus weak biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis isolates: a pilot study using non-invasive mouse mastitis model. PLoS ONE 12(1):e0170668.
24. M Uma, PP Rao, NR Hegde*. 2016. Expression and purification of polioviral proteins in E. coli, and production of antisera as reagents for immunological assays. Protein Expr Purif 128:115-22.
25. YV Reddy, Y Krishnajyothi, B Susmitha, BV Devi, Y Brundavanam, SR Gollapalli, N Karunasri, B Sonali, K Kavitha, SR Patil, G Sunitha, K Putty, GH Reddy, YN Reddy, NR Hegde, PP Rao*. 2016. Molecular typing of bluetongue viruses isolated over a decade in South India. Transbound Emerg Dis 63(5):e412-8.
26. Y Krishnajyothi, S Maan, K Kandimalla, NS Maan, RB Tutika, YV Reddy, A Kumar, N Mrunalini, GH Reddy, K Putty, SM Ahmed, YN Reddy, D Hemadri, KP Singh, PPC Mertens, NR Hegde, PP Rao*. 2016. Isolation of bluetongue virus 24 from India – an exotic serotype to Australasia. Transbound Emerg Dis 63(4):360-4.
27. S Gauthami, K Meena, M Uma, YV Reddy, D Kumar, PP Rao*, NR Hegde. 2016. MPGIT: a concentrated monophasic phenol guanidinium isothiocyanate reagent for isolation of viral RNA. Indian J Biotechnol 14(3):376-81.
2011 – 2015
28. PL Preethirani, S Isloor, S Sundareshan, V Nuthanalakshmi, K Deepthikiran, AY Sinha, D Rathnamma, K Nithin Prabhu, R Sharada, TK Mukkur, NR Hegde*. 2015. Isolation, biochemical and molecular identification, and in-vitro antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from bubaline subclinical mastitis in South India. PLoS ONE 10(11):e0142717.
29. KM Chandrashekhar, S Isloor, BH Veeresh, R Hegde, D Rathnamma, S Murag, BM Veeregowda, HA Upendra, NR Hegde*. 2015. Limit of detection of genomic DNA by conventional PCR for estimating the load of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli associated with bovine mastitis. Folia Microbiol 60(6):465-72.
30. PP Rao, YV Reddy, NR Hegde*. 2015. Isolation and complete genome sequencing of bluetongue virus serotype 12 from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 62(5):e52-9.
31. A Singh, M Mitra, G Sampath, P Venugopal, JV Rao, B Krishnamurthy, MK Gupta, SS Krisnha, B Sudhakar, NB Rao, Y Kaushik, K Gopinathan, NR Hegde*, MM Gore, VK Mohan, KM Ella. 2015. A Japanese encephalitis vaccine from India induces durable and cross-protective immunity against temporally and spatially wide-ranging global field strains. J Infect Dis 212(5):715-25.
32. J Gogoi-Tiwari, CB Waryah, R Sunagar, HB Veeresh, V Nuthanalakshmi, PL Preethirani, R Sharada, A Bhat, S Isloor, H Al-Salami, NR Hegde, TK Mukkur*. 2015. Typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Australia and India. Aust Vet J 3(8):278-82.
33. S Manjunath, PG Kulkarni, K Nagavelu, RJ Samuel, S Srinivasan, N Ramasamy, NR Hegde*, RS Gudde*. 2015. Sero-prevalence of rodent pathogens in India. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0131706.
34. S Maan*, NS Maan, M Belaganahalli, PP Rao, KP Singh, D Hemadri, K Putty, A Kumar, K Batra, Y Krishnajyothi, BS Chandel, GH Reddy, K Nomikou, YN Reddy, H Attoui, NR Hegde, PP Mertens. 2015. Full genome sequencing as a basis for molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus in India. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0131257.
35. S Maan, NS Maan, M Belaganahalli, A Kumar, K Batra, PP Rao, D Hemadri, YN Reddy, K Putty, Y Krishnajyothi, GH Reddy, KP Singh, NR Hegde, K Nomikou, D Sreenivasulu, PP Mertens*. 2015. Genome sequence of bluetongue virus type 2 from India: evidence for reassortment between outer capsid protein genes. Genome Announc 3(2):e00045-15.
36. J Gogoi-Tiwari, CB Waryah, KY Eto, M Tau, K Wells, P Costantino, HK Tiwari, S Isloor, N Hegde, TK Mukkur*. 2015. Relative distribution of virulence-associated factors among Australian bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates: potential relevance to development of an effective bovine mastitis vaccine. Virulence 6(5):419-23.
37. CB Waryah, J Gogoi-Tiwari, K Wells, P Costantino, H Al-Salami, R Sunagar, S Isloor, N Hegde, P Richmond, T Mukkur*. 2014. Serological versus molecular typing of surface-associated immune evading polysaccharide antigen-based phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 63(11):1427-31.
38. C Babra, J Gogoi-Tiwari, P Costantino, R Sunagar, S Isloor, N Hegde, T Mukkur*. 2014. Human methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: potential associations with antibiotic resistance persistence and surface polysaccharide antigens. J Basic Micribiol 54(7):721-8.
39. SB Rao, V Gupta, M Kumar, NR Hegde, GA Splitter, P Reddanna, GK Radhakrishnan*. 2014. Draft genome sequence of the field isolate Brucella melitensis strain Bm IND1 from India. Genome Announc 2(3): e00497-14.
40. VH Basavaraj, G Sampath, NR Hegde*, VK Mohan, KM Ella. 2014. Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of HNVAC, an MDCK-based H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine, in Phase I single centre and Phase II/III multi-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel assignment studies. Vaccine 32(35):4592-4597.
41. NR Hegde*, D Kumar, PP Rao, PK Kumari, Y Kaushik, R Ravikrishnan, SD Prasad, KM Ella. 2014. Development and preclinical testing of HNVAC, a cell culture-based H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine from India. Vaccine 32(29):3636-43.
42. V Sairaju, B Susmitha, PP Rao*, NR Hegde, K Meena, YN Reddy. 2013. Type-specific seroprev-alence of bluetongue in Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2005-2009. Indian J Virol 24(3):394-97.
43. AK Santhosh, AR Gomes, R Hegde, D Rathnamma, BM Veeregowda, SM Byregowda, C Renukaprasad, V Bhanuprakash, K Prabhudas, NR Hegde*, S Isloor. 2013. Comparative immunogenicity of two peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccines in South Indian sheep and goats under field conditions. Indian J Virol 24(3):373-9.
44. C Babra, J Gogoi-Tiwari, G Pier, TH Thein, R Sunagar, S Sundareshan, S Isloor, NR Hegde, S de Wet, M Deighton, J Gibson, P Costantino, J Wetherall, T Mukkur*. 2013. The persistence of biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in Australia. Folia Microbiol 58(6):469-74.
45. PP Rao, YN Reddy, K Ganesh, SG Nair, V Niranjan, NR Hegde*. 2013. Deep sequencing as a method of typing bluetongue virus isolates. J Virol Methods 193(2):314-9.
46. R Hegde, S Isloor, K Nithin Prabhu, BR Shome, D Rathnamma, VVS Suryanarayana, S Yathiraj, CR Prasad, N Krishnaveni, S Sundareshan, DS Akhila, AR Gomes, NR Hegde*. 2013. Incidence of subclinical mastitis and prevalence of major mastitis pathogens in organized farms and unorganized sectors. Indian J Microbiol 53(3):315-20.
47. R Sunagar, SN Deore, PV Deshpande, A Rizwan, AD Sannejal, S Sundareshan, DB Rawool, SB Barbuddhe, MK Jhala, AS Bannalikar, DM Mugalikar, VJ Kumari, K Dhanalakshmi, YN Reddy, PP Rao, C Babra, JG Tiwari, TK Mukkur, P Costantino, JD Wetherall, S Isloor, NR Hegde*. 2013. Differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis by PCR for the fibrinogen binding protein gene (fib). J Dairy Sci 96(5):2857-65.
48. PP Rao, YN Reddy, NR Hegde*. 2012. Complete genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 9: implications for serotyping. J Virol 86(15):8333.
49. B Susmitha, D Sudheer, PP Rao*, M Uma, G Prasad, P Minakshi, NR Hegde, YN Reddy. 2012. Evidence of bluetongue virus serotype 21 (BTV-21) divergence. Virus Genes 44(3):466-9.
50. PP Rao, YV Reddy, K Meena, B Susmitha, N Karunasree, M Uma, PUVS Prasad, P Chaitanya, YN Reddy, NR Hegde*. 2012. Genetic characterization of bluetongue virus serotype 9 isolates from India. Virus Genes 44(2):286-94.
51. SRK Gollapalli, S Mallavarapu, M Uma, PP Rao*, B Susmitha, PUVS Prasad, P Chaitanya, G Prasad, NR Hegde, YN Reddy. 2012. Sequences of genes encoding type-specific and group-specific antigens of Indian isolates of bluetongue virus serotype 10 (BTV-10) and implications for their origin. Transbound Emerg Dis 59(2):165-72.
52. D Kumar, NM Beach, X-J Meng, NR Hegde*. 2012. Use of PCR-based assays for the detection of the adventitious agent porcine circovirus type 1 in vaccines, and for confirming the identity of cell substrates and viruses used in vaccine production. J Virol Methods 179(1):201-11.
2006-2010
53. D Safronetz, NR Hegde, H Ebihara, M Denton, GP Kobinger, S St Jeor, H Feldmann*, DC Johnson*. 2009. Adenovirus vectors expressing hantavirus proteins produce sterile immunity and protect hamsters against lethal challenge with Andes virus. J Virol 83(14):7285-95.
54. NR Hegde, MS Chevalier, TW Wisner, MC Denton, K Shire, L Frappier, DC Johnson*. 2006. The role of BiP in ER-associated degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chain induced by cytomegalovirus proteins. J Biol Chem 281:20910-19.
2001-2005
55. NR Hegde, C Dunn, DM Lewinsohn, MA Jarvis, JA Nelson, DC Johnson*. 2005. Endogenous human cytomegalovirus gB is efficiently presented by MHC class II molecules to CD4+ CTL. J Exp Med 202(8):1109-19.
56. NR Hegde, DC Johnson*. 2003. Human cytomegalovirus US2 causes similar effects on both major histocompatibility complex class I and II proteins in epithelial and glial cells. J Virol 77(17):9287-94.
57. NR Hegde, RA Tomazin, TW Wisner, C Dunn, J Boname, DM Lewinsohn, DC Johnson*. 2002. Inhibition of assembly, transport and loading of HLA-DR by human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein US3: a novel mechanism for evading MHC class II antigen presentation. J Virol 76(21):10929-41.
58. MS Deshpande, TC Ambagala, NR Hegde, M Navaratnam, MJ Hariharan, S Srikumaran*. 2002. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody responses to bovine herpesvirus-1 by DNA immunization. Vaccine 20(31-32):3744-51.
1995-2000
59. MT Huber, TW Wisner, KA Goldsmith, NR Hegde, D Rauch, RJ Roller, C Krummen-acher, RJ Eisenberg, GH Cohen, DC Johnson*. 2000. Herpes simplex virus with highly reduced gD levels can efficiently enter and spread between human keratinocytes. J Virol 75(21):10309-18.
60. R Tomazin, J Boname, NR Hegde, DM Lewinsohn, Y Altschuler, TR Jones, P Cresswell, JA Nelson, SR Riddell, DC Johnson*. 1999. Cytomegalovirus US2 destroys two components of the MHC class II pathway, preventing recognition by CD4+ T cells. Nature Med 5(9):1039-43.
61. NR Hegde, MS Deshpande, DL Godson, LA Babiuk, S Srikumaran*. 1999. Bovine lymphocyte antigen A11-specific peptide motif as a means to identify bovine cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1. Viral Immunol 12(2):149-61.
62. S Zatechka, Jr., NR Hegde, K Hariharan, S Srikumaran*. 1999. Identification of murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1. Vaccine 17(7-8):686-94.
63. NR Hegde, HA Lewin, MJ Duggan, JR Stabel, S Srikumaran*. 1998. Development of a syngeneic bovine fibroblast cell line: Implications for the generation of the study of bovine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Viral Immunol 11(1):37-48.
64. NR Hegde, S Srikumaran*. 1997. The use of bovine MHC class I allele-specific peptide motifs and proteolytic cleavage specificities to predict potential cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virus Genes 14(2):111-21.
65. NR Hegde, S Srikumaran*. 1996. Prediction of potential cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1 based on allele-specific peptide motifs and proteolytic cleavage specificities. Virus Genes 13(2):121-31.
66. NR Hegde, SA Ellis, RM Gaddum, CA Tregaskes, G Sarath, S Srikumaran*. 1995. Peptide motif of cattle MHC class I antigen, BoLA-A11. Immunogenet 42(4):302-03.
Reviews in PubMed-indexed journals
1. NR Hegde*, M Talari, SS Majumdar. 2024. One Health initiatives in India: genesis and hurdles in establishing the first consortium. Vet World 17(12):2925-2931.
2. D Kumar, J Bayry, NR Hegde*. COVID19: a veterinary and One Health perspective. 2022. J Ind Inst Sci 102(2):689-709.
3. D Kumar, S Gauthami, J Bayry, SV Kaveri*, NR Hegde*. 2021. Antibody therapy: from diphtheria to cancer, COVID-19 and beyond. Monoclon Antibodies Immunodiagn Immunother 40(2):36-49.
4. NR Hegde*, S Gauthami, HM Sampath Kumar, J Bayry. 2018. The use of databases, data mining and immunoinformatics in vaccinology: where are we? Exp Opin Drug Discov 13(2):117-130.
5. NR Hegde*, MM Gore. 2017. Japanese encephalitis vaccines: immunogenicity, protective efficacy, effectiveness, and impact on the burden of disease. Hum Vacc Immunother 13(6):1-18.
6. PP Rao*, YV Reddy, B Susmitha, Y Krishnajyothi, GH Reddy, K Putty, D Sreenivasulu, NR Hegde, YN Reddy. 2016. A decade of BTV research in Andhra Pradesh, a southern state of India. Vet Ital 52(3-4):299-304.
7. R Sunagar, NR Hegde*, GJ Archana, AY Sinha, K Nagamani, S Isloor. 2016. Prevalence and clonotype distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in India. J Global Antimicrob Res 7:46-52.
8. PP Rao*, NR Hegde, YN Reddy, YK Jyothi, YV Reddy, B Susmitha, K Putty, GH Reddy. 2016. Epidemiology of bluetongue in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 63(2):e151-64.
9. NR Hegde*. 2015. Cell culture-based influenza vaccines: a necessary and indispensable investment for the future. Hum Vacc Immunother 11(5):1223-34.
10. S Sundareshan, S Isloor*, Y Hari Babu, TK Mukkur, NR Hegde. 2014. Coagulase-negative staphylococci in mastitis. J Commonwealth Vet Assoc 30(1):5-15.
11. NR Hegde*, SV Kaveri, J Bayry. 2011. Recent advances in the administration of vaccines for infectious diseases: microneedles as painless delivery devices for mass vaccination. Drug Discov Today 16(23-24):1061-68.
12. NR Hegde*, PP Rao, J Bayry, SV Kaveri. 2009. Immunotherapy of viral infections. Immunotherapy 1(4):691-711.
13. NR Hegde, M Chevalier, DC Johnson*. 2003. Viral inhibition of MHC class II antigen presentation. Trends Immunol 24(5):278-85.
14. AS de Groot*, V Nene, NR Hegde, S Srikumaran, J Rayner, W Martin. 2003. T cell epitope identification for bovine vaccines: an epitope mapping method for BoLA-A11. Int J Parasitol 33(5):641-53.
15. DC Johnson*, NR Hegde. 2002. Inhibition of the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway by human cytomegalovirus. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 269:101-15.
16. NR Hegde, S Srikumaran*. 2000. Reverse immunogenetic and polyepitopic approaches for the induction of cell-mediated immunity against bovine viral pathogens. Anim Health Res Rev 1(2):103-18.
Correspondences, Editorials, Opinions, Perspectives, Views in PubMed indexed journals
1. GR Medigeshi*, K Fink, NR Hegde. 2018. Position paper on road map for RNA virus research in India. Front Microbiol 9:1753.
2. PP Rao, NR Hegde*, YN Reddy. 2012. Intercontinental movement of bluetongue virus and consequences for trade. J Virol 86(15): 8341.
3. NR Hegde, Maddur MS, SV Kaveri, J Bayry*. 2009. Reasons to include viruses in the tree of life. Nature Rev Microbiol 7(8):615.
4. NR Hegde, MS Mohan, PP Rao, SV Kaveri, J Bayry*. 2009. Thermostable foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate for endemic countries: a perspective. Vaccine 27:2199-201.
5. NR Hegde, DC Johnson*. 2005. A seek and hide game between CD1-restricted T cells and herpesviruses. J Clin Invest 115(5):1146-9.
Chapters in books, monographs, compendia
1. NR Hegde*. 2023. The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance. Handbook on antimicrobial resistance: current status, trends in detection and mitigation measures. Ed. MP Mothadaka, M Vaiyapuri, MR Badireddy, CN Ravishankar, R Bhatia, J Jena. Springer Nature Living Reference Work, pp. 889-923. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-9723-4_40-1.
2. NR Hegde*, D Kumar, J Bayry. 2021. Anthropozoonosis of COVID: the need for One Health. In “Pandemic and problems: lessons for recovery and resilience.” Eds. Seshayyan S, Aswath Narayanan MB. The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University. Pp. 306-314.
3. PP Rao, NR Hegde*, KP Singh, K Putty, D Hemadri, NS Maan, YN Reddy, S Maan, PPC Mertens*. 2016. Bluetongue: aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control. In “Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases of livestock.” Ed. J Bayry, Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland, Chapter 1, pg. 3-54.
Articles in journals not indexed in PubMed
1. RK Shakthi Devan,* A Ingle, SG Ramachandra, N Hegde, S Ramesh, P Nagarajan, SP Muthukumar, R Buragohain, VP Singh, C Tamhankar. 2024. Advancements of 3Rs in biomedical research, laboratory animal science and welfare: international perspectives. J Lab Anim Sci 7(2):74-96.
2. N Krithiga, P Bokade, V Balamurugan, P Gupta, RP Aravindh Babu, D Rathnamma, R Sharada, L Dilip, KN Krupa, NR Hegde, S Isloor*. 2023. Expression and characterization of the rabies virus glycoprotein in mammalian system. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 44(2):104-110.
3. NS Saritha*, S Isloor, A Bhat, D Rathnamma, R Sharada, SM Byregowda, KL Phaniraj, ML Satyanarayana, NR Hegde. 2021. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for major staphylococci and E. coli isolated from bovine mastitis cases and their zoonotic importance. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 42(2 Spl):110-122.
4. NS Saritha*, S Isloor, D Rathnamma, R Sharada, KL Phaniraj, SM Byregowda, ML Satyanarayana, SB Teja, S Chandrapriya, NR Hegde. 2021. Molecular studies on antimicrobial resistant genes in predominant Staphylococci and E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis in different regions of Karnataka. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 42(1):17-30.
5. BM Akshatha, S Isloor, S Sundareshan, BH Veeresh, V Nuthanalakshmi, AY Sinha, D Rathnamma, BM Veeregowda, HA Upendra, AS Bhat, BR Shome, R Hegde, KN Prabhu, R Sunagar, CB Waryah, J Gogoi-Tiwari, TK Mukkur, NR Hegde*. 2020. Biofilm production, antibiotic resistance and the presence of ica, bap, agr and blaZ genes in bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from South India. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 41(1):39-49.
6. D Kumar*, PP Rao, NR Hegde. 2019. Next-generation sequencing as a diagnostic tool in veterinary research. J Anim Res 9(6):797-806.
7. P Sheela*, S Isloor, D Rathnamma, BM Veeregowda, BE Shambulingappa, ML Satyanarayana, S Sundareshan, NR Hegde. 2019. Characterization by spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates originating from bovine and bubaline mastitis in southern India. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 40(1):21-30.
8. KM Chandrashekhar, S Isloor*, D Rathnamma, BM Veeregowda, R Hegde, R Sharada, GS Naveen Kumar, NR Hegde. 2018. Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from bovine subclinical milk samples by conventional PCR. J Exp Biol Agri Sci 6(5):808-815.
9. YV Reddy, B Susmitha, YN Reddy, D Sreenivasulu, K Putty, KSR Siva Sai, PP Rao*, NR Hegde. 2018. Evidence of shared genomic segment 6 between bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 2. Indian J Vet Anim Sci Res (46(6):1150-1157.
10. S Sundareshan*, S Isloor, YH Babu, R Sunagar, J Gogoi-Tiwari, CB Waryah, TK Mukkur, NR Hegde. 2018. Isolation and molecular characterization of rare coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus variants isolated from bovine milk samples. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 38(2):66-73.
11. M Uma, S Mallavarapu, N Kartika, PP Rao, NR Hegde*. 2016. Parameters of controlled expression of potentially toxic recombinant proteins in E. coli with picornaviral 3ABC as a model. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 37(1):9-15.
12. S Sundareshan, S Isloor*, Y Hari Babu, B Awati, R Hegde, R Sunagar, CB Waryah, J Gogoi-Tiwari, TK Mukkur, NR Hegde. 2014. A comparative evaluation of four detection tests and the isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci from subclinical mastitis cases in South Indian cattle. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 35(2):73-8.
13. S Sundareshan*, Y Hari Babu, S Isloor, B Awati, NR Hegde. 2012. Isolation and phenotype-based speciation of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from bovine milk samples. Frontier J Vet Amin Sci 1(1):34-9.
14. NR Hegde*. 2011. The saga of the humanized mouse: a giant leap into the galaxy or a small step for humankind? J Lab Anim Sci 1(1):9-23.
15. NR Hegde*, DN Streblow. 2008. Understanding the biology of animal viruses and the physiopathology of animal viral diseases through genomics, proteomics and systems biology. Int J Integrative Biol 2(1):32-42.
16. MS Rao*, NR Hegde, Jayashreet CR, Raghavan R. 1997. Investigation into a severe outbreak of ulcerative stomatitis due to Fusobacterium necrophorum in a piggery farm. Indian J Anim Sci 67(1):31-2.
Policy documents
1. SS Majumdar, NR Hegde. 2024. Engaging the private sector in One Health implementation. Food and Agriculture Organization – India.
2. NR Hegde. 2022. One Health, zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance: the need and the deed. Knowledge Report on Antimicrobial Resistance “Call for Action” under Andhra Pradesh Action Plan for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance (APAPCAR): integrated strategies for AMR containment. pp. 21-27.
3. P Vijayaraghavan, P Balasubramanian, S Divyya, A Naulakha, P Nambiar, S Majumdar, NR Hegde, DK Dey, N Warke, P Reddanna. 2018. 1st One Health India Summit Position Paper: Acknowledging Challenges and Paving the Way Forward.
Current
Malathi Talari, Research Associate
Ph.D., University of Hyderabad
Current Research Interest: Zoonoses, Antimicrobial Resistance, One Health
Tejaswi Ambati, Ph.D. student, SRF-CSIR
M.Sc. (Biotechnology), GITAM University, Visakhapatnam
Current Research Interest: Interaction of Japanese encephalitis virus with host cells
Sashikanta Parida, Ph.D. student, SRF-UGC
M.Sc. (Zoology), Utkal University
Current Research Interest: Bacteriophages against bovine mastitis pathogens
Bhawna Baloda, Ph.D. student, SRF-ICMR
M.Sc. (Biochemistry), Banaras Hindu University
Current Research Interest: Bluetongue virus interaction with host cells
Palem Pranathi, Ph.D. student, SRF-CSIR
M.Sc. (Industrial Microbiology), Amity University Rajasthan
Current Research Interest: Manipulation of Staphylococcus aureus
Gyanendra Bahinipati, Project JRF
M.Sc. (Biotechnology), Behrampur University
Current Research Interest: Molecular microbiology
Puja Ray, Ph.D. student, JRF-DBT
M.Sc. (Biotechnology), Bangalore University
Current Research Interest: Not decided
Alumni
Priya Gupta
Submitted thesis
Pagala Jasmeen
Submitted thesis
Srinivas Chaganti
Pursuing PhD at Massey University, New Zealand
Gauthami Sulgay
Post-doctoral Fellow, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
Charanpreet Kaur
RA at NIAB
Kandala Pavan Asrith
Pursuing other career options
(Only those as PI are listed)
1. Bacteriophages against bovine mastitis pathogens, DBT, 04/2024 – 03/2027
2. Adenovirus-vectored oral rabies vaccine, National One Health Mission, 04/2024 – 03/ 2027
3. Establishment of a One Health Consortium, DBT, 08/2021 – 07/2025
4. Molecular diagnosis of COVID19 and related respiratory diseases (Academic Partner), BIRAC, 06/2020 – 11/2021
5. Drivers of antimicrobial resistance in poultry in India (India Lead), DBT (Indo-UK call on AMR), 09/2018 – 08/2021
6. ELISA for sero-monitoring of rabies vaccine antibodies, DBT (Canine Research Network), 04/2018 – 09/2020
7. Diagnostics for lab animal health monitoring; Phase–II, DBT, 01/2017 – 06/2020
8. Molecular epidemiology and genomics of mastitis-associated staphylococci, DBT, 01/2017 – 08/2019
9. Diagnostics for lab animal health monitoring; Phase–I, DBT, 10/2011 – 3/2015
10. Vaccines for bovine staphylococcal mastitis (India Lead), DBT (Indo-Australian), 07/2010 – 03/2014
11. Adenovirus vectored vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease, DBT (Rapid Grants for Young Investigators), 02/2009 – 01/2012
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